People

Introduction George Stephenson (1781–1848) stands as one of the great figures of the Industrial Revolution. Known as the “Father of Railways,” Stephenson was a self-taught mechanical and civil engineer whose …

Introduction Alan Mathison Turing (1912–1954) was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and pioneer in computer science. Widely regarded as the “father of modern computing,” Turing laid the theoretical foundations for …

Introduction Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, and literary critic, best known as the leading figure of existentialism and one of the most influential intellectuals …

Introduction Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872–1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, essayist, and social critic whose work profoundly shaped the course of modern Western philosophy. One of the founding …

Introduction Plato (c. 427–347 BCE) was a Greek philosopher whose ideas have shaped the course of Western thought for over two millennia. A student of Socrates and the teacher of …

Introduction Aristotle (384–322 BCE) stands as a towering figure in the history of philosophy. His intellectual breadth and depth laid the foundation for numerous disciplines, including logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics, …

Introduction Robert Norton Noyce, often called the “Mayor of Silicon Valley,” was a visionary American physicist, engineer, and entrepreneur whose pioneering work reshaped the landscape of modern technology. As co-inventor …

Introduction Jack St. Clair Kilby was an American electrical engineer who changed the course of human history with a single invention: the integrated circuit. Often credited as one of the …