Philosophy

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) stands out in the history of philosophy for his deeply original, often bleak, yet powerfully insightful system of thought. Often labeled the “philosopher of pessimism,” Schopenhauer constructed …

Michel Foucault (1926–1984) stands as one of the most influential and challenging philosophers of the 20th century. His work spans philosophy, history, sociology, political theory, and cultural studies, and it …

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) stands as one of the most profound and influential thinkers of the Enlightenment. His ideas about human nature, society, politics, education, and culture challenged the assumptions of …

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) is one of the most influential and enigmatic philosophers of the 20th century. His work radically changed the course of analytic philosophy and the study of language, …

🏺 Ancient Philosophy (Before 500 CE) Pre-Socratic (Before Socrates): Classical Greek Philosophy: Hellenistic Philosophy: Roman Philosophy: Late Antiquity: 🕌 ✡️ Medieval Philosophy (c. 500–1300s) Islamic Philosophers: Jewish Philosophers: Christian Scholastics: …

Democritus of Abdera (c. 460 BCE – c. 370 BCE) was one of the most influential pre-Socratic philosophers of ancient Greece. Often overshadowed by the giants of classical philosophy—Socrates, Plato, …

Introduction Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, and literary critic, best known as the leading figure of existentialism and one of the most influential intellectuals …

Introduction Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872–1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, essayist, and social critic whose work profoundly shaped the course of modern Western philosophy. One of the founding …